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- IEN: 139 J. Haverty
- BBN
- April 1980
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- HOSTs as IMPs
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- Jack Haverty
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- Bolt Beranek and Newman Inc.
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- The following discussion is an extract from a report for one of the
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- ARPA projects at BBN. The relevant details of the system configuration
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- include the following:
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- o a PDP-11 with IMP11A interface is used to communicate with
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- an LSI-11 using a Collins "1822 interface"
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- o the electrical connection uses the "distant-host"
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- configuration
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- This report was originally issued in October 1979. It is being
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- reissued now as an IEN after some recent inquiries which indicate the
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- problem may be more widespread than was previously thought.
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- Hosts as Imps April 1980
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- HISTORY
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- We've been having an enormous amount of trouble (more than usual)
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- since early summer getting the LSI-11 and PDP-11 to talk reliably on
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- the 1822 lines. When the problems were investigated, the IMPTST
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- program also reported errors on the 1822 connections. This has happened
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- in the past, and often the problem would disappear after
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- swapping some cables, or maybe waiting a few hours. However, this
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- time the problem was persistent, which at least gave us the
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- opportunity to figure out what was happening.
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- A collection of people have been working on the problem, and we've
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- come up with an analysis of the situation.
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- The immediate cause of the strange behavior was tracked down to
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- large noise spikes induced in the cables. We have noise spikes
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- every half-cycle on the building power cables. These are coupled into
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- the 1822 cables by RF coupling. We have seen as much as 20 volts
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- peak-to-peak spikes on the differential signal lines. This appears to
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- the receivers as common-mode noise.
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- Differential receivers in the various host interfaces have
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- receivers which are spec'ed for good common-mode rejection up to some
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- maximum input signal level. For the LSI-11s, the chips are good up to
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- Hosts as Imps April 1980
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- +-15 volts. IMP11As use chips which are spec'd at +-3 volts.
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- For the various "IMP" interfaces, the PTIP interface is good for a
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- range similar to that of the BCRs good for a similar range. The
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- 316/516 IMPs provide optical isolation, so they are good up to some
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- very high value dependent on the breakdown of the insulation.
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- The 1822 spec says that host's receivers should expect a 1 volt
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- peak-to-peak signal, centered around the host's ground. Host
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- receivers also must be able to tolerate at least 2.5 volts of common-
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- mode noise. Note that, for the IMP11As, DEC picked chips which
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- exactly met the spec, i.e., 2.5 volts noise plus 0.5 volts signal in
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- either the plus or minus direction requires an input range of +-
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- 3.0 volts. The chips in that design have a maximum legal input range
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- of +-3 volts with respect to the PDP-11 ground. Thus the DEC design is
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- a legal host interface according to 1822.
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- By judicious grounding and other magic, we have gotten the noise
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- down to less than a volt. The source was traced to our building UPS
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- system, which has some bad filter capacitors. These will be replaced,
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- and that is likely to remove the noise source. However, 1 volt of
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- induced noise is not unreasonable, and is also probably fairly common
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- in computer areas. The UPS problem only makes the noise occur every
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- Hosts as Imps April 1980
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- 8 milliseconds, whereas more traditional noise might occur at
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- intervals of seconds or minutes.
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- As of April 1980, the filter capacitors have been replaced. This
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- has reduced the noise somewhat. We have learned however that UPS
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- systems can generate significant noise in normal operation. This noise
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- appears on the input side fo the UPS system; the output side is
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- generally well filtered. Computer equipment powered from the UPS output
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- will not see any significant noise on its power; equipment powered from
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- non-UPS power will have the noise present, but the equipment itself
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- typically filters the power enough so that the logic power is noise
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- free.
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- The problem we have been investigating appears to result from
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- coupling between "1822" cables and power cables carrying non-UPS power
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- which also carries the noise spikes generated by the UPS system.
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- HOSTS AND IMPS
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- With the 1 volt noise, the PDP-11 and LSI-11 communication still
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- doesn't work properly. IMPTST reveals occasional errors.
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- In tracking these problems down, we delved pretty deeply into
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- all the pieces of the system, even down to the circuits used within the
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- Hosts as Imps April 1980
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- driver/receiver chips. In the IMP11A receiver, it appears that if
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- the signal level exceeds 3 volts, the logic will get "confused", and
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- produce an inverted output. However, with 1 volt of noise, and 0.5
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- volts of signal, the input should not exceed about 1.5 volts.
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- Further tracking along, we looked at the drivers in the LSI-
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- 11. These are single-ended drivers, i.e., using a single +5 power
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- supply. They produce signals which swing between +0.2 and +2.6 volts.
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- The upper limit will depend on the actual value of "+5", resistor
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- tolerances, etc. The measured "differential" signal produced by a
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- pair of these drivers keeps one signal line at +0.2, and the other at
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- +2.4 all the time. Thus the signal is a 2.2 volt peak-to-peak signal,
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- with a built-in common-mode noise level of 1.2 volts.
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- When an LSI-11 is connected to an IMP11A, the IMP11A
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- receivers see a signal which swings to +2.6 volts. Given 0.4 volts
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- of noise, this drives the receivers beyond their
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- specifications.
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- We believe that this is the reason behind the current
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- problems we are having with the link. With the ambient 1 volt noise,
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- the IMP11As receivers are being driven out of spec all the time, which
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- causes random errors depending on how the signals add, other noise,
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- Hosts as Imps April 1980
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- etc.
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- We have also experienced in the last few years a continuous
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- problem of random incompatibilities between the LSI-11s and the IMP11A.
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- For example, one day a particular LSI-11 might work well to the PDP-
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- 11, and the following day it might not. It seems conceivable that
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- this is partially caused by the situation I just outlined. The real
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- voltage level on any day might depend on the building power voltage,
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- temperature, noise produced by other equipment in the vicinity, etc.
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- Since the IMP11A is being driven at the very edge of its working range,
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- all the random "noise" factors will determine how well the link
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- works at any time. We have observed also that the the system
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- occasionally "hangs" for no apparent reason, possibly after running
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- for hours, which may also be related to the aperiodic noise which might
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- occur as air conditioners switch, elevators, etc. A similar
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- installation has also reported problems of this nature, with
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- unreliable LSI-11/PDP-11 communications using distant-host connections.
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- CONCLUSION
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- The consensus of opinion here is that the problem lies with the
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- LSI-11 1822 interface characteristics. The "1822 spec" dictates
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- how to build HOST interfaces, but does not specify how to build IMP
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- Hosts as Imps April 1980
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- interfaces. It alludes to the fact that the IMP provides for
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- things like ground isolation, deskewing, and other features not required
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- of hosts.
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- The 1822 interface is however asymmetric -- it is NOT true that
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- all host 1822 interfaces should be able to talk to all other hosts'
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- interfaces. The host spec defines an interface which will allow any
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- host to talk to an IMP; the IMP interface, which has to talk to ALL
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- POSSIBLE host interfaces, performs more functions than a host
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- interface is required to do. In particular, it is required to provide
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- ground isolation, and to generate true differential signals,
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- centered on the host interface's ground which is carried by the
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- ground-wire in the cable.
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- The LSI-11 1822 design seems to adequately follow the 1822 spec,
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- in that it provides a host interface. The IMP11A also adequately
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- follows the 1822 spec, as a host interface.
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- However, the LSI-11 must act as an IMP -- i.e., it must be
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- designed to communicate with any "1822 interface" which meets the host
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- specs. The current LSI-11 1822 design does not meet this criterion.
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- The root of the problem is probably that most people think of the
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- 1822 specification as a symmetric one, i.e., such that any 1822
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- Hosts as Imps April 1980
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- interface can talk to any other 1822 interface. For most
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- interface implementations and environments, this is probably
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- true, which reinforces the mistake.
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- SOLUTION(s)?
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- We are looking at various short-term solutions to see which is the
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- least painful way to make the system function reliably. In the
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- long run, we believe that the LSI-11 1822 has to be changed to
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- behave as an IMP. At the very least, the drivers must generate a +-0.5
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- volt signal, centered around ground, and provide for ground
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- isolation. There may be other constraints, such as timing issues,
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- as well, which an IMP designer could help with. We have not
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- looked into the LSI-11 1822 design in these areas.
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- It is also worth noting that other projects which use
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- "pseudo-IMPs" should be examined, to see if the same situation
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- exists. In the LSI-11-IMP11A case, the fact that the system is on
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- the edge of the working range means that it works most of the time, and
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- is just annoyingly flaky. Other people may have the same situation.
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